Infect. Crit. Atractylenolide-I, the active component of atractylodes, could minimize the formation of IL-6 and TNF- (Ji et al., 2014), inhibiting the generation of inflammatory cytokines causing inflammatory response, thus lowering the possibility of developing pulmonary edema. (2019). Physiol. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30079-5, Yang, Y., Islam, M. S., Wang, J., Li, Y., and Chen, X. Physiol. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100322200, Udugama, B., Kadhiresan, P., Kozlowski, H. N., Malekjahani, A., Osborne, M., Li, V. Y. C., et al. Amiloride was shown to induce the reduction of ACE2 expression in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells (Adil et al., 2020) and can counteract the low cytosolic pH which has been observed in COVID-19 patients by acting on Na+/H+ exchanger (Cure and Cumhur Cure, 2020). Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Endothelin-1 Expression and Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. When to. Pflugers Arch. Am. 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IL6 monoclonal antibody or tocilizumab was thought to work by interrupting inflammatory storm after the infection, but the latest clinical study published in NEJM showed that Tocilizumab was not effective in preventing intubation or death in mild hospitalized COVID-19 patients (Stone et al., 2020). Most side effects are mild and normally last only a day or two. Influenza Induces IL-8 and GM-CSF Secretion by Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells through HGF/c-Met and TGF-/EGFR Signaling. The site is secure. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential Front Pharmacol. Regulation of ENaC and CFTR Expression with K+ Channel Modulators and Effect on Fluid Absorption across Alveolar Epithelial Cells. It has already been shown that the dysregulated release of cytokines is one of the key factors behind poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Mol. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. 8 (4), 420422. Ther. Optimizing Diagnostic Strategy for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, a Multi-center Study in Eastern China. Thorax 69 (1), 4654. Clin. (2003). 383 (19), 18131826. Salmeterol for the Prevention of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. N. Engl. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.20039586, Londino, J. D., Lazrak, A., Collawn, J. F., Bebok, Z., Harrod, K. S., and Matalon, S. (2017). government site. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712960, Deng, J., Wang, D.-x., Deng, W., Li, C.-y., Tong, J., and Ma, H. (2012). Circulation 37 (1), 4553. TALLAHASSEE, Fla. Florida Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo personally altered a state-driven study about Covid-19 vaccines last year to suggest that some doses pose a . This buildup of fluid leads to shortness of breath. 471 (4), 519532. Anti-hypertensive Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Associated to Mitigation of Disease Severity in Elderly COVID-19 Patients. Rev. Symptoms that are common to all of these conditions include cough and shortness of breath. Circ. doi:10.1111/bph.12414, Kaur, S. P., and Gupta, V. (2020). Res. J. Pharmacol. Ann. COVID-DSNet: A novel deep convolutional neural network for detection of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) cases from CT and Chest X-Ray images. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3, Shi, Z., Ye, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Yu, D., Yu, H., et al. Chills and swollen lymph nodes can also occur. Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version. Moreover, lower expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase promotes pulmonary edema, and when the expression of Na-K-ATPase 1- and 2-subunits decreases, maximal alveolar epithelial fluid clearance is reduced (Looney et al., 2005). CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA Protectin DX Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Dis. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Ion Channels of the Lung and Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis. Moreover, the constituent Ephedra can trigger bronchodilation, relieve breathing disorders and alleviate pulmonary edema (Zhang et al., 2018). Res. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions & Adverse Events Since pulmonary edema can be promoted by decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase (Woods et al., 2015), drugs or compounds which activate the sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase may be putative therapeutics. However, further researches into the mode of action, efficacy and safety of these drugs are required. Drug Discov. 80 (4), 394400. 161, 105290. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290, Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., et al. Extensive studies have been conducted to identify the antiviral and pulmonary edema reducing efficacy of natural compounds, some of which have already been tested specifically against SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2. Chem. (2006). (2018). Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients with Severe and Life-Threatening COVID-19. Medicines 16 (11), 811828. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. COVID-19 Treatment and Diagnosis Guideline (7th version, trial) [Online]. doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.20029975, Yin, J., Hoffmann, J., Kaestle, S. M., Neye, N., Wang, L., Baeurle, J., et al. COVID-19 can cause blood clots, even months after diagnosis. It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. J. Med. (2008). 180 (11), 10421047. TRPs regulate their functions through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways and play an important role in complicated pulmonary pathophysiologic events, such as increased intracellular calcium levels, recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, cough reflex, blocked mucus clearance, epithelia integrity disruption, pulmonary edema, fibrosis and so on (De Logu et al., 2016). Rev. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. As such, TRPV4 inhibition likely has protective and beneficial effect on mucus clearance and pulmonary edema. Int. HA is degraded by hyaluronidases encoded by HYAL1 and HYAL2, whose activity depends on CD44, an HA receptor (Harada and Takahashi, 2007). Resolvin D1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Vaccine-induced interstitial lung disease: a rare reaction to COVID-19 Urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome in COVID-19: inhibition of TRPV4 represents a promising and feasible approach. Epub 2020 Jun 29. Exp. - Eur. 2023 Feb 14;14:1080962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1080962. Prc, N. H. C. o. t. (2020). In COVID-19 patients, pulmonary edema is diagnosed by lung ultrasound and a computerized tomography (CT) scan (Udugama et al., 2020). This may be due to lingering inflammation and other factors. 181 (1), 5361. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. Front. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment A Review of Early and Emerging Options. Chem. doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.968256, Jiang, Y.-x., Dai, Z.-l., Zhang, X.-p., Zhao, W., Huang, Q., and Gao, L.-k. (2015). (2014). A., et al. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. Immunol. 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AQP-5 plays a significant role in pulmonary edema and decreased expression of AQP-5 has been observed during the disease process. COPD and asthma cause your airways to swell and become blocked with mucus, which can make it hard to breathe. The Current Evidence for the Treatment of Sepsis with Xuebijing Injection: Bioactive Constituents, Findings of Clinical Studies and Potential Mechanisms. Chloride Transport-Driven Alveolar Fluid Secretion Is a Major Contributor to Cardiogenic Lung Edema. Thorax 69 (1), 4654. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Pulmonary edema - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Cel Mol Biol 20 (5), 10281040. The Study on the Treatment of Xuebijing Injection (XBJ) in Adults with Severe or Critical Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the Inhibitory Effect of XBJ against SARS-CoV-2. Researches proved that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as well as an engineered heart tissue (EHT), in cellular and organ level respectively, suggesting that the virus can replicate rapidly in the cardiomyocytes, infecting other cardiomyocytes, contributing to cardiomyocyte cell death, myocardial inflammation and even heart failure (Sharma et al., 2020; Bailey et al., 2021). JAMA 323 (11), 10611069. (2014). Front. K+ Channel Openers Restore Verapamil-Inhibited Lung Fluid Resolution and Transepithelial Ion Transport. Adipose-derived Exosomes Protect the Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting the TRPV4/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway. Lancet Respir. Respir. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Clin. Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA Vaccines | NEJM Cel Rep. Med. Inhibiting these TRPs may benefit the treatment of pulmonary edema. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.009, Fan, H.-H., Wang, L.-Q., Liu, W.-L., An, X.-P., Liu, Z.-D., He, X.-Q., et al. Immunol. 2 3 Postauthorisation reports of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been extremely rare, occurring in only 4.5 reported cases per million doses. 310 (10), L928L939. -, Ai J.-W., Zhang H.-C., Xu T., Wu J., Zhu M., Yu Y.-Q., et al. We observed a case of a delayed local reaction in a 38-year-old woman who had received the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. (2020). 282 (8), 55975607. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, appeared, causing a wide range of symptoms, mainly respiratory infection. 2020 Mar 23:3558887. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3558887. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 36 (6), 420425. COVID-19: Urgent Reconsideration of Lung Edema as a Preventable Outcome: Inhibition of TRPV4 As a Promising and Feasible Approach. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764, Bessac, B. F., and Jordt, S.-E. (2008). Biochim. Systems Pharmacological Study Illustrates the Immune Regulation, Anti-infection, Anti-inflammation, and Multi-Organ protection Mechanism of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction in the Treatment of COVID-19. 173 (3), 281287. It is worth mentioning that, except alveoli, which is widely known as the target tissue, cardiomyocyte can be infected as well. Sci. Rev. (2021). 346, 16311636. His lab findings and clinical course were consistent with those of MIS after COVID-19 vaccination. IFN will continually induce inflammatory cytokines released by alveolar macrophages, promoting the activation of T cells and forming a positive feedback loop that drives persistent alveolar inflammation (Grant et al., 2021). The imbalance of fluid metabolism, pulmonary fluid clearance (PFC) and rich-protein fluid entrance, may be a key reason for the acute exacerbation of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. (1985) 93 (4), 15331541. Moreover, as a retrospective multicenter cohort study reported, early treatment with Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction associated with better outcomes, faster recovery, and a shorter duration of hospital stay (Shi et al., 2020a). 2020 Jul;57:102833. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833. HM designed the framework of the review. Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 with Convalescent Plasma. 10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673 Physiol. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. As Gabazza et al., (2004) reported, lung fibrosis is linked to decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP-5 in the lung. Amiloride. doi:10.1073/pnas.160041997, Leroy, C., Priv, A., Bourret, J.-C., Berthiaume, Y., Ferraro, P., and Brochiero, E. (2006). Phytomedicine 85, 153315. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153315, Zhou, Z., Wang, S.-Q., Liu, Y., and Miao, A.-D. (2006). J. Med. (2020). N. Engl. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. (1999). Further studies may determine if CD44 inhibitors can be of use to in COVID-19. -, Achanta S., Jordt S. E. (2020). Neurosci. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.025, Bartoszewski, R., Matalon, S., and Collawn, J. F. (2017). J. Cel Physiol 235 (12), 95109523. 21, 97S107S. Florida surgeon general altered key findings in study on Covid-19 (2020). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00285.2017, Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., et al. Med. doi:10.7554/eLife.59177, George, P. M., Wells, A. U., and Jenkins, R. G. (2020). Biochim. Pharmacol. (2020a). J. Med. Viruses 4 (4), 557580. Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection J Med Virol. B., and Matthay, M. A. TRPs are essential for the respiratory system and pulmonary edema, in which TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 are the most important. Physiology 23, 360370. Med. PDF Updates on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) Existing drugs and inhibitors targeting the components of humoral metabolism may serve as potential treatments for COVID-19 and should be further investigated. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5, Hui, D. S. C., and Zumla, A. 11 (1), 65. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-65, Han, J., Li, H., Bhandari, S., Cao, F., Wang, X. Y., Tian, C., et al. FIGURE 1. 8 (8), 807815. Toxicol. Alveolar macrophage dysfunction and cytokine storm in the pathogenesis of two severe COVID-19 patients. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27408 Abstract Myocarditis is one of the complications reported with COVID-19 vaccines, particularly both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Accumulation of HA can directly induce ARDS and pulmonary edema. The functional inhibition of relevant lung enzymes and ion channels may disturb AFC, thus resulting pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. 382 (18), 17081720. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection doi:10.1152/ajplung.00464.2004, Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., et al. Antiviral Res. He had no cough, expectoration, nasal discharge or sore throat. Adv. After internal reviews of the reports, the CDC "did not find any data suggesting a link between Covid-19 vaccines and tinnitus," an agency . 388 (4), 421436. 99 (9), 988995. Eur. Matrix Proteinases in Lung Biology. annals 99 (1), 1216. Molecular Features of Non-selective Small Molecule Antagonists of the Bradykinin Receptors. An Orally Active TRPV4 Channel Blocker Prevents and Resolves Pulmonary Edema Induced by Heart Failure. Abnormal humoral metabolism is mainly manifested as imbalances of water and electrolytes. Am. The latest research revealed that alveolar macrophages, which normally play a protective role, may also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and release T cell chemokines, resulting large amounts of T cells gathering in lung and generating IFN. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. Am. Fedratinib, an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor, may be used to reduce the mortality associated with hyperinflammation by suppressing the production of several Th17 cytokines (i.e., IL1b and TNF-alpha, IL21, IL22, IL17) and the formation of pulmonary edema in combination with anti-viral drugs (Yang et al., 2020e). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. With the presence of active basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, inhibition of the entry of apical Na+ can generate a concentration gradient inducing the uptake of basolateral Na+ with Cl by Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) and thus induce the apical secretion of Cl (Solymosi et al., 2013). includes glycoproteins, membranes and nucleic acids. 33, 258269. (2008). Physiol. Arek Sarkissian. doi:10.1182/blood.2020006000, Couto, M., de Diego, A., Perpii, M., Delgado, L., and Moreira, A. Raising evidences suggest that the effect of kinins on bradykinin receptor triggers the inflammatory responses, which have been observed in patients with COVID-19. 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SARS-CoV-2 invasion leads to alveolar and vascular epithelial cells damage impelling the formation of minimal thrombus, increasing pulmonary venous pressure and vascular permeability and leading to massive loss of tissue fluid. Keywords: Vaccination of Adults with Lung Disease Including Asthma | CDC 74 (2), 92101. 2020 Jun 1;318(6):L1239-L1243. 2021 May 7;8:644678. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644678. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: The Current Evidence and Treatment Strategies. Epub 2022 Oct 17. Nature 590, 635641. Some people experience no side effects after vaccination while many will experience mild side effects, such as pain, swelling at the injection site, a headache, chills or a fever.