How did their role change over time? o Election of the mayor nonpartisan o Teaching The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Robert W. Righter Oxford University Press, Mar 17, 2005 - History - 328 pages 0 Reviews. Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . The reservoir supplies water for the city of San Francisco, so there is no recreational boating or swimming allowed. What was the panic of 1907? neither A nor B, Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? The Social Gospel was a Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class overcome problems of industrialization. What was the goal of the American Medical Association? How did the following influence reform: Explain. The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. As Clayton writes, the 1897 act and MuirsAtlanticandHarperspieces are as much a climax to the Muir-Pinchot story as Hetch Hetchy. When changes are made there are unintended consequences. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. Subject. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13: Additional Resources in the Each switchback reveals scenic overlooks of the reservoir and Kolana Rock. Most people turn around here anyway. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. Building a dam there was off the table. Materials: 14 Document Facsimiles The fundamental issue involved two concepts. Monroe went on to lobby members of Congress as the battle moved to Washington D.C. She was a tireless advocate who believed that people needed to be educated in order to do what was best for everyone involved. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This is interesting from an ideological perspective. forever.. Remember Hetch Hetchy: The Raker Act and the - National Park Service It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. How are these opinions different than and similar to today? It got its name from when TR exclaimed he felt "as strong as a bull moose". o They agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy but differed in their approach. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? APUSH Framework. o Settlement houses Use good judgment and stay safe. APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, [10] and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. Most people called it Hetch Hetchy, a mispronunciation of a Central Mohawk word for a plant that indigenous people were harvesting there when the first white man came along.. o Interest groups. Required fields are marked *. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? PDF Chapter 28 & 29 IDs 2014 - APUSH Review Mining and logging interests railed against the plan. Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. Regarding labor issues, Roosevelt was willing to look at the side of the workers, not just the employers. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. Fourth, dams alter water quality. When Taft lost progressive support in 1909, Roosevelt refused to back Taft in the election of 1912, so Roosevelt and his supporters set up the Progressive Party, called the Bull Moose Party with Roosevelt as their candidate. John Muir - Wikipedia Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. How did they accomplish their goals? Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. It is only a cut in the hills through which the Tuolumne River runs, but if you think there might be a valley keep looking and if you find such a place I will give it to you., Nate went on looking for the valley. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. of terror in the first years of the twentieth century. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give Like light shining through a prism, our views today must reflect the colorful variety of perspectives passed down through history. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. . It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. Is your answer It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. Learn what to expect from Mirror Lake in various seasons. Answer (a), (b), and (c). The most determined opponents to lynching in the South were southern women (black and white). If youre excited about a long hike or backpacking trip, you can continue to Laurel Lake for a 14.2-mile (22.9 km) out and back. He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. 02/08/2011. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. What reform issues did Wilson not support? Newlands Reclamation Act: Definition. He produced at least four oil paintings of the valley one of which is prominently displayed in Mount Holyoke Colleges art museum. San Francisco received permission to build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy. Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences created a National Forest Commission, tasked with researching and reporting policy recommendations for the administration of Americas forests. APUSH 17-20, 75-87 Flashcards | Quizlet o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. As he looked to more reforms, a divide between the president and conservative wing of his injustices. Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. But if you still have energy, continue past the bridge to Rancheria Falls. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. Why? Would that be an improvement? First, they block rivers which prevents fish from migrating. Preservationists led by John Muir and the Sierra Club argued that the valley should be protected against human. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. What was the Socialist Party of America? Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. What was the IWW? should be ended altogether. You could then scuba ElCapitan down to the valley floor. 5: 1297089180: initiative: A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. Describe the different approaches to municipal reform. The National Park Service conducted research to determine what would happen if the dam were removed, and people have repeatedly proposed costly studies to further understand the consequences of removing the dam. Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. If the nation set aside some natural places as especially sacred, how far beyond their borders should a sense of the sacred extend? . Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. Although Wilson got only 42% popular vote, he won an overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in congress. A full breakfast is served in the dining room. If youre up for a driving adventure, try taking a little extra time to retrace parts of the route John Muir described in his book, My First Summer in the Sierra. In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.`. Instead, it was a more complicated battle which pitted public interests against private interests. Pinchot wrote that the men felt like guilty schoolboys the next morning, returning to their hotel to assure their travel companions they hadnt fallen into the chasm. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. suffered defeat). Roosevelt: [11] APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. It was one of the central institutions of the urban machine. Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as San Francisco applied once again for rights to Hetch Hetchy in 1908. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? Modern In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. conditions of the industrial workplace. The evidence was o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. Coming from the San Francisco Bay Area youll pass right through Buck Meadows on Highway 120. It pitted Gifford Pinchot, Americas first forester, against John Muir, Americas legendary conservationist. causing much controversy. Teams completed the OShaughnessy Dam in 1923 and the reservoir filled for the first time in May of that year. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. Sheep roamed across these unclaimed lands, clearing grass for miles. Fight for their civil rights. Du Bois: had never known slavery. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. government should improve and stabilize society. C. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas. Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. Chapter 28 APUSH Flashcards - Cram.com What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. Opposition was led by John Muir and the Sierra Club. Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. During the opening months of his administration, Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective rates. Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. many other states. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. What were the differing viewpoints of socialists regarding the economy? Photo: Theresa Ho, Of course, the proposal was immediately opposed by environmentalists including the Sierra Club and John Muir. Once the glaciers retreated, tributaries leading into the main river were left hanging hundreds or thousands of feet above the valley floor, creating the beautiful waterfalls we know today. Helped turn his state into what reformers across the nation called the "laboratory of progressivism". Only a tiny proportion of Yosemites visitors explore this out-of-the-way corner of the national park. C. favored the direct election of United States senators. Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. Called for arbitration between the groups. But the Hetch Hetchy Valley was within the confines of Yosemite National Park. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Union Labor Party(California) passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and the limitation on working hours for women. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. How was it alleviated? Indeed, the battle over Hetch Hetchy may have been a little-known contributor to the permanent alignment of American politics it was the tension between Ballinger and Pinchot that set in motion the events that lead to the split mentioned above. o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. How did she influence the settlement house movement? Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. O'Shaughnessy Dam (California) - Wikipedia You might as well deface the worlds great cathedrals, he said, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dams construction. High value placed on education and individual accomplishment. Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. Explain. End of the nineteenth century: For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. Belief in the influence of the environment on individual development. Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet Hetch Hetchy: Congress and the Environment | National Archives What was the WCTU? And, as you might imagine, it produces some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States. They respected each other, and acknowledged their shared appreciation for the natural world. If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. o Children beginning school at an earlier age, spending more time there California needed secure, reliable access to drinking water for their burgeoning populations. Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. He added significantly to the National Park System. On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? William Howard Taft As John Clayton writes, At the height of Progressivism, Phelan and other good-government types believed that the city should administer its own utilities. o 146 workers (most women) died. Some claimed if women could vote war would become a thing of the pastcalming, maternal influence (WWI gave a final decisive push to suffrage). But it was later struck down by the court. Like Muir, he was totally transfixed by the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Frenemies John Muir and Gifford Pinchot Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. ~ The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps ~ The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority ~ The onset of the Dust Bowl b. What was it committed to? Money became extremely tight. In 1909, Taft's popularity with reformers was destroyed for good. The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. WWI dramatically weakened the socialists. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. Hetch Hetchy - Wikipedia As Muir famously protested: Dam Hetch Hetchy? The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. Through the manipulation of water, the company also had the power to determine which real estate became valuable and which languished. They were introvert and extrovert. o Commander of the Rough Riders What was the most important source of reform in the West? 46. 1910 congressional elections brought progressive incumbents back to office (conservative Republicans Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I. Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. Created. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. W.E.B. o Some educated women shunned marriagewanted to stay active in the public world. Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite Valley are so similar because they were created by the same sequences of geological activity. 44. Hetch Hetchy Environmental Debates | National Archives What impact did muckrakers have on the American public? In 1896, the Democratic political platform. (Source: American Rivers, How Dams Damage Rivers). No spam. Some argued society required a distinctive female "sphere"wives and mothers. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. How did the following contribute to the reform effort? City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business National Park Service - HISTORY On returning home, he asked an Indian chief the name of the valley. The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). In the 21st century, Ken Brower, son of the renown environmentalist David Brower, wrote a fascinating account of the failed campaign to save Hetch Hetchy and the modern effort to Reverse an American Mistake, complete with speculation about how the rebirth of a wild valley might evolve. Furthermore, they provided a place for the wild plants and creatures to live out their own lives, according to their purposes. What was Wilson's first triumph as president? San Francisco had its eyes on this water source early on and repeatedly tried to acquire water rights to the Tuolumne River. On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. o They advocated a single union for all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. For example, plan to stop at the Lucky Buck Cafe on your way to or from a day of exploring Yosemite. It forced elected representatives to consider what a national park designation truly meant and whether or not the land within these parks deserved protection. B. Republicans usually held a majority in the Senate. For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary. Photo: Kim Lawson. Total Cards. Subsequent proposals for development in our national parks have been defeated by citizen activists inspired by calls to remember Hetch Hetchy. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. o Land and resourcescontrolled by federal government. . And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. After the accounts have been adjusted at August 31, the end of the fiscal year, the following balances were taken from the ledger of Marcy Delivery Services Co.: Journalize the four entries required to close the accounts. Explain your answer. Roosevelt was not a self proclaimed trustbuster, but he did make a few efforts to break up combinations. Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. When youre standing at the shore overlooking what appears to be a lake, picture yourself looking down into a verdant valley filled with the tall native grasses that give the valley its name. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. Yosemite's Accidental Wilderness | Sierra Club Its chief concern was redeeming the nation's cities. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. "Progressive" Amendments: 17th Amendment, 18th Amendment, 19th . o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. A. adopted several, but not all, major Populist issues. Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. Campaign for Republican nomination became a battle between Roosevelt and Taft. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. The law imposed a heavy tax on products of child labor. But camped together beside jewel-like Lake McDonald in what would become Glacier National Park, they took a liking to each other. How much NorCal reservoirs shot up a week after big storm - SFGATE To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton).