Arguably, the strict French division between defensive and offensive measures is being challenged by increased coordination and collaboration across defense, intelligence, and military institutions. A key pillar in the organization of French cyber capabilities is a governance model that separates offensive missions and capabilities from defensive missions and capabilities (Desforges Citation2022; Liebetrau Citation2022). This document contains the official biographies of the leadership for USNS Mercy and USNS Comfort as of 2020. Cyber Strategy The vision is anchored on a three-pronged approach of readiness, capability and capacity, and spans all aviation-related platforms and weapons. DOD Cybersecurity Campaign. Finland is actively engaged with NATO on a number of cyber defence activities, including participation in NATOs annual flagship cyber defence exercise Cyber Coalition, as well as NATOs Crisis Management Exercise. European Parliament, Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), PE 603.175, May 2017. It is not publicly disclosed how the human and technical infrastructure resources are pooled in the event of a cyber-attack on the Netherlands surmounting to armed conflict. Burton and Christou (Citation2021, 1727) observe how more and more international actors develop and use offensive cyber tools for a broad range of strategic purposes, including espionage, subversion, coercion, war-fighting and hybrid warfare campaigns. /Type /Page Lawrence Michelon, a senior electronics engineer for the Systems Design and Integration Branch at Carderocks Combatant Craft Division in Norfolk, receives the Rear Adm. George W. Melville Award for engineering excellence at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division Honor Awards ceremony Aug. 1, 2017, in West Bethesda, Md. >> It was prepared by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Warfighting Requirements and Capabilities (OPNAV N9) and approved for release by the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. The attack meant that Russian intelligence had potential access to as many as 18,000 SolarWinds customers. It is seldom distinct where one stage ends, and another begins. In 2014, the Netherlands established a Defence Cyber Command (DCC), with the aim to strengthen the countrys defense and offense in the cyber domain. This blueprint describes how the Department will apply naval power as we continue to prepare for a more navigable Arctic Region over the next two decades. endobj /Contents 13 0 R Chief of Naval Operations Adm. John Richardson released 'A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority, Version 2.0,' Dec. 17, 2018. /Contents 34 0 R As Arctic ice recedes and maritime activity increases, the Coast Guard must be prepared to administer and inform national objectives over the long-term. This Arctic Strategic Outlook describes the United States Navy's strategic approach to protect U.S. national interests and promote stability in the Arctic. But why this Norwegian particularity? The deliberate design and standup of this command came at a good time in history. However, it is unclear whether decision makers have systematically assessed how the organizational model allows for the operational capacity to travel from, translate into, and shape intelligence and military entities and to which strategic and governance implications. First, cyber operations are often custom-made combinations of intelligence, intrusion, and attack (Smeets Citation2018). However, it remains unclear whether decision makers have systematically assessed the implications of the organizational structure for the ways in which the two dimensions relate to and shape one another at strategic, tactical, and operational levels. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Defensive Cyberspace Operations, to defend DOD or other friendly cyberspace. The paper proceeds by locating the study in relation to relevant debates in cybersecurity scholarship. Cybersecurity and defence for the future of Europe - EUobserver In parallel, the EU Directive on the security of network and information systems (NIS Directive) forces member states to adopt legal measures to boost the overall level of their cybersecurity by May 2018. Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 11-12 July 2018. The Convention is the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security. 11/16/2017 By Vivienne Machi . However, the documents do neither elaborate on the organizational collaboration between the Cyber Command and the intelligence services nor how cyber operations are meant to complement to each other at the strategic, tactical, or operational levels. endobj 2 0 obj How to make sure that priorities and decisions share the same goals? Early Assessment of Drone Fleet Defence in Depth Capabilities for Despite the divergence in organizing cyber capabilities, the three countries converge on the assumption that both responding to cyber conflict short of war and developing military cyber power are dependent on the skills, information, and infrastructure of intelligence services. NATO will continue to adapt to the evolving cyber threat landscape. endobj These principles encompass the DONs cyberspace activities across the entire competition continuum, from day-to-day competition to crisis and conflict. Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Warfighting Requirements and Capabilities - OPNAV N9), Department of the Navy Business Operations Plan for fiscal years 2021-2023, COVID-19 Guidance and Resources 2020: Updated July 28, 2020. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. endobj /Resources 12 0 R Abstract. Hence, the DCC is primarily able to act as coordinator and operational hub when it comes to the deployment of Dutch offensive cyber operations in armed conflict (Claver Citation2018, 169). endobj NATO and Finland step up cyber defence cooperation The DGSE is the largest French intelligence service in terms of workforce. As our future enlisted leaders proceed from the stern to the bow over the course of their careers, making each milestone, they are building the backbone of our future Navy that is enduring and deeply connected to the heritage of those that have gone before us. /Length 11116 3523 - Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act, President Ilves at Harvard University: all members of NATO must share a common understanding of cyber security, Congressional Testimony: U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Securing Americas Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012., International Cyber Diplomacy: Promoting Openness, Security and Prosperity in a Networked World, International Strategy for Cyberspace : Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World, Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010, Cyberspace Policy Review : Assuring a Trusted and Resilient Information and Communications Infrastructure, The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace. This paper explores how the Netherlands, France, and Norway organize their cyber capabilities at the intersection of intelligence services and military entities and provides recommendations for policy and research development in the field. On the contrary, the Military Security and Intelligence Service (MIVD) has demonstrated significant operational cyber capacity in several cases.Footnote6 Some of its work is undertaken in collaboration with the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) in the Joint SIGINT Cyber Unit (JSCU).Footnote7 As a collaboration between the MIVD and the AIVD, the JSCU forms a cornerstone of the Dutch cybersecurity. (PDF) Cyber Threats in Civil Aviation - ResearchGate Today (16 February 2017), NATO and Finland stepped up their engagement with the signing of a Political Framework Arrangement on cyber defence cooperation. Fri: 10:00 - 15:30, NATO Secretary General's Annual Report 2020, NATO Secretary General's Annual Report 2019. How do I access the full text of journal articles ? As part of the intelligence community, the MIVD is placed under the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Defense.Footnote8 In addition, the MIVD does not conduct military operations. These documents are supported by interviews with military personnel, civil servants, and scholars in the three countries. According to Microsoft President Brad Smith, the largest and most sophisticated attack the world has ever seen (Villarreal Citation2021). /Author (U.S. Fleet Cyber Command,U.S. Depending on how this is done and interpreted, it can qualify as an offensive cyber operation. hkkH|d~HRhmUdc+llb7,B4sn3s9c%LidC309O/Im-^#Zl# Cyber Defence Cyberspace is understood as the fifth domain of warfare equally critical to military operations as land, sea, air, and space. >> Carderock Recognizes the Best of the Best > Naval Sea Systems Command The DON's Information Superiority Vision outlines the Secretary's vision to modernize so that the right information can be delivered to the right Sailor or Marine at the right time to defeat high-paced and evolving threats. It provided the Russian intelligence service with the ability to infect SolarWind users. Council of the European Union (19 June 2017), Council of the European Union (7 June 2017), European Commission - Fact sheet (6 July 2016), Council conclusions on cyber diplomacy (11 February 2015), Council of the European Union (1718 November 2014), European Commission - High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (7 February 2013), European Union - European External Action Service (7 February 2013). The paper concludes that there is a need for increased political attention and a deliberate approach to how the organizational model allows for the operational cyber capacity to travel from, translate into, and shape intelligence and military entities and to which political implications at both national and international levels. cybersecurity suffers from institutional frag-mentation and a weak financial base. The German Marshall Fund of the United States, 13 December 2018. The organizational separation contains multiple ambiguities. Reinforcing America's traditional tools of diplomacy, the Department provides military options to ensure the President and our diplomats negotiate from a position of strength. PB2022 provides planned funding to procure ships included in FY2022. 3D printing is revolutionizing defence by printing small components to full drones on naval vessels, replacement parts for fighter aircrafts to printing ammunition. /Font 55 0 R /Font 51 0 R 202 0 obj <> endobj Russias Cyber Policy Efforts in the United Nations, Already in a Cyberwar with Russia, NATO Must Expand Article 5 to Include Cyberwarfare, Cyber Defence in NATO Countries : Comparing Models, NATOs Needed Offensive Cyber Capabilities, Cyber Conflict Uncoded : The EU and Conflict Prevention in Cyberspace, National Cyber Security Organisation : Czechia, NATO in the Cyber Age : Strengthening Security and Defence, Stabilizing Deterrence, Cybersecurity of NATOs Space-based Strategic Assets, Huawei, 5G, and China as a Security Threat, Offense as the New Defense: New Life for NATOs Cyber Policy, Preparing for Cyber Conflict : Case Studies of Cyber Command, Cybersecurity and the New Era of Space Activities, Initial Reference Architecture of an Intelligent Autonomous Agent for Cyber Defense [9 September 20169 February 2018], Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority : Command Vision for US Cyber Command, Mutually Assured Disruption : Framing Cybersecurity in Nuclear Terms. By U.S. Fleet Cyber Command/U.S. Second, the SGDSN has declared that ANSSI will continue to develop operational synergies with its national institutional partners. /Resources 33 0 R The aim of this strategy is to ensure safe, secure, and environmentally responsible maritime activity in the Arctic. 7 0 obj While the collaboration between ANSSI, COMCYBER, and the French intelligence services is hence likely to increase, neither the desired outcome of the collaboration nor its strategic and practical dimensions are explicated. NATO and its Allies rely on strong and resilient cyber defences to fulfil the Alliances core tasks of collective defence, crisis management and cooperative security. xSN@oKK/jAT#2!!VBDw4BUwx9:aM_r$F/U?|x+U_-iz For more information, contact Joseph W. Kirschbaum at (202) 512- >> It describes both intelligence and military cyber operations as offensive actions, notes that they are usually carried out in the network of the opponent, and stresses that their execution falls under the responsibility of the chief of the intelligence service (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2014, 6 and 17). The Department of Defense's enduring mission is to provide combat-credible military forces needed to deter war and protect the security of our nation. Innovation, and ultimately the success of the naval mission, is based on three fundamental things: People, Information, and Ideas. /Im3 56 0 R This creates risks that operational capability and activity may be mismatched with broader strategic or governance goals, that the military and intelligence entities operate with different purposes and goals, that political decision-making is hampered, and that democratic oversight is hindered. It is, however, unclear whether decision-makers have systematically assessed the implications of the organizational structure for the ways in which the two dimensions relate to and shape one another at strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Frequently asked questions about USNS Comfort deployment to New York City. /Rect [0.0 763.81604 612.0 792.0] NATO will continue to adapt to the evolving cyber threat landscape. The arrangement will allow NATO and Finland to better protect and improve the resilience of their networks. >> That standup reflected Navy's prescient appreciation for a necessary confluence of critical mission sets. (PDF) Israeli defense in the age of cyber war - ResearchGate This paper discusses the concept of cyber defence exercises (CDX) that are very important tool when it comes to enhancing the safety awareness of cyberspace, testing an organization's ability to . >> They are fundamental to maintaining maritime dominance and enabling sustained operations in cyber-contested environments by the Navy and Marine Corps. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] These elements hold the promise to decrease the risks that operational capability and activity are mismatched with broader strategic or governance goals, that the military and intelligence entities operate with different purposes and goals, and that political decision-making is hampered, and democratic oversight is disadvantaged. 11 0 obj Shayna Gersher. Third, it is paramount to strengthen the awareness of how organizational divergences might hamper collaboration at the level of intelligence sharing, EU cybersecurity governance, and NATO cyber operations. Giving more thought to the organizing of offensive cyber capabilities - and its entanglements - would equip scholars and decision makers to better engage the discussion of when and whether a warfare, competition, or intelligence framework is the most suitable for cyberspace. Today (16 February 2017), NATO and Finland stepped up their engagement with the signing of a Political Framework Arrangement on cyber defence cooperation. While future platforms are designed with cybersecurity in mind, the current fleet of military aircraft was not always, and may be vulnerable to cyberattacks Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 11-12 July 2018. Architecting Cyber Defense: A Survey of the Leading Cyber Reference This seems to overcome some of the challenges to organizational collaboration pointed out above, but the extent to which this is the case is hard to say, as it is unclear how intelligence and military operations complement each other in practice. 18 . Declaration by the High Representative Josep Borrell on Behalf of the EU: European Union Response to Promote International Security and Stability in Cyberspace, Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on respect for the rules-based order in cyberspace, RECOMMENDATIONS COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION (EU) 2017/1584 of 13 September 2017 on coordinated response to large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises [L 239/36], Resilience, Deterrence and Defence: Building strong cybersecurity for the EU [JOIN(2017) 450 final], Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on ENISA, the "EU Cybersecurity Agency", and repealing Regulation (EU) 526/2013, and on Information and Communication Technology cybersecurity certification (''Cybersecurity Act''), Council Conclusions on a Framework for a Joint EU Diplomatic Response to Malicious Cyber Activities ("Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox"), Draft Council Conclusions on a Framework for a Joint EU Diplomatic Response to Malicious Cyber Activities ("Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox") - Adoption, Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems, Draft Council Conclusions on Cyber Diplomacy European Council, 11 February 2015, Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union: An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace ["2013 Cybersecurity Strategy"], EU Cyber Security Strategy open, safe and secure, Cyber Security strategy and Proposal for a Directive, Proposal for a Directive on Attacks Against Information Systems, Repealing Framework Decision 2005/222/JHA (MEMO/10/463), Council Framework Decision 2005/222/JHA of 24 February 2005 on Attacks Against Information Systems, National Cyber Strategy of the United States of America, Cyberspace Operations - Joint Publication 312, Cyber and Electromagnetic Activities: Joint Doctrine Note 1/18, Department of Defense Cyber Strategy 2018, Joint UK-Australia Statement on Cyber Co-operation, [Resolution] Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the United States should develop and adopt a comprehensive cybersecurity policy, Presidential Policy Directive -- United States Cyber Incident Coordination, Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, Executive Order -- Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, H.R.