https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). The final model is provided in the National Land Occupation Totals By Industry 2012 v1.1 dataset44. Bi is the satellite matrix in industry form from Eq. (Sheet CO2 KWH ELE & HEAT) CO 2 To assist in quantifying these emissions, we have developed a comprehensive set of supply chain emission factors covering all categories of goods and services in the US economy. The new commodity names assigned to the BEA codes are part of the primary data record, in the commodities_meta sheet. https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects (2019). Where particular elementary flows are reported in each dataset, flows are maintained from the DMR when a facility reports to both. The sets of commodities in the top 20 from v2.0 and v1.2 in the production and consumption-based rankings are nearly identical, with some notable substitutions and some exchanging of places. flowsa performs extraction, transforming and loading (ETL) processes for bring in original data sources, as well as the modeling steps to create a standard flow-by-sector output, which can be retrieved using the getFlowBySector function and passing the name of the flow-by-sector of interest. These sections are disaggregated sequentially, and all the disaggregated components of the tables are combined at the end of the process. In some . Note that normalized Make table transactions are unchanged. For v2.0, the Sector Crosswalk is built based on 2012 BEA and NAICS codes and includes 2007 NAICS codes according to the 2012 NAICS to 2007 NAICS concordance by Census Bureau23. If value added inputs are excluded, the biggest input is the Waste management and remediation services sector itself, representing 19% of all intermediate inputs. 21. where lc is the column representing the commodity of interest from the L matrix, and dn is the transposed row representing the indicator of interest from the D matrix. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. There are two exceptions to these allocation values in the Make table row disaggregation. J. Econ. 20. where mf is the column representing the flow of interest from the M matrix, and cn is the transposed row representing the indicator of interest from the C matrix. USEEIO v2.0 was built in useeior v1.0.061. It is widely used by EPA program offices and other government agencies, corporations, nonprofits, nongovernmental organizations, and academia for applications such as calculating carbon footprints and environmental assessments. Overview of GHG Protocol scopes and emissions across the value chain. 32, where the sum of industry value added, w, after normalization and transformation to be in commodity form, multiplied by the total requirements matrix, L, results in ~1 for each sector, i. A symbol represents the transposed (rows and columns switched) form of a matrix or vector. If the index price is assumed to be equal to the sum of the inputs, then that index price is ~1. Checking that national flow totals by sector used as inputs to the model can be recalculated using appropriate model components serves as the primary means of full model validation. The GHG Emission Factors Hub provides factors for several scope 3 categories and indicates the calculation methods with which the factors align. Step 3: Improve and expand emissions estimate over time. Emissions from purchased goods and services and capital goods represent a significant emissions source for many organizations. This equation is shown in Eq. The BEA Use table reports the data for final US demand by these consumers, grouping them at varying levels of resolution depending on the level of resolution of the Use table (i.e., sector, summary or detail). All the economic input data (Table1) are retrieved using scripts in useeior and saved in the package along with selected indicators not from LCIA formatter (jobs, value added, and waste indicators, Table3), commodity names, data inputs to the Sector Crosswalk, and model metadata files. Table 6.1 of the Scope 3 Standard provides criteria to identify relevant scope 3 activities: To determine relevance, the organization can review the Scope 3 Standards description of each scope 3 category and consult appropriate contacts across the organization. The 562000 commodity represents over 97% of the industrys total output. The footprint of US consumption or production, measured in GHGs, water, or any of the 20+indicators present in Table3 can be calculated using the model. Li, M. & Ingwersen, W. H_r and H_f matrices of USEEIOv1.2 and v2.0.1-411. volume9, Articlenumber:194 (2022) Sarah Cashman, Bill Michaud and Ally Brown assisted with project management. The result is available in the National Point Source Releases to Water By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset34. When making these improvements, it is recommended to focus first on categories with the largest impact on the organizations total GHG inventory. An Introduction to Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis The full names of the indicators in the columns are given in Table3. In v2.0, one of the BEA commodities is split into 7 further resolved (more specific) commodities (404+7=411). U.S. EPA, 2020. 1. The IO transactions for the Use table intersection are assigned based on material flows between the disaggregated sectors, using RCRAInfo data as the main data source. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1369615 (2017). Conserv. USEEIO v2.0, The US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Model v2.0. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17145878.v1 (2022). For v2.0, Waste management and remediation services is disaggregated into the seven sectors shown in Table5. EEIO can be a powerful tool for analysing the relation between economic and environmental flows. Developed by EPA researchers in support of the Agencys sustainable materials management program, USEEIO melds data on economic transactions between 389 industry sectors with a wealth of environmental information, including data on land, water, energy and mineral use, air pollution, nutrients, and toxics. The Service Annual Survey (SAS) from the US Census Bureau provides estimates of revenue and expenditure data for most traditional service industries21, and is used in the disaggregation of the waste management industries (i.e., Use table columns). The model indicators are put in the form of an indicator x flow matrix, C, where the values are the quantitative relation of the flows to the indicator value, also known as characterization factors in the life cycle impact assessment literature. U.S. EPA Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for U.S. Commodities and Industries The U.S. EPA Supply Chain Emission Factors for U.S. Industries and Commodities dataset is a comprehensive set of supply chain emission factors covering all categories of goods and services in the U.S. economy. In these datasets, emissions are reported by county and assigned to source classification codes. In the v2.0, methyl bromide/emission/air/troposphere/rural/ground-level/kg has one of the highest CFC-11 equivalents (0.51, sheet C, cell BMV20 of)71 of all flows, and Fresh vegetables, melons, and potatoes shows the highest at 2.4E-5 kg/$. PDF EMISSION FACTORS 2021 DATABASE DOCUMENTATION - Microsoft EPA researchers have partnered with the Georgia Department of Economic Development to work with volunteer software developers and designers to build web applications using the Georgia version of USEEIO for local communities looking to advance economic development in ways that spark both prosperity and environmental sustainability. In addition, because scope 3 sources may represent most of an organizations GHG emissions, they often offer emissions reduction opportunities. The equivalent value is 1.44E-5in v1.2 (sheet B, cell D681 of)71. Results for these commodities should not be used for analytical purposes. For the rest of the sectors that produce the 562000 commodities, the following assumptions are made. In agricultural sectors, the consumption of other agricultural commodities are the primary drivers of SMOG. Scope 3 emissions | Microsoft Learn However, this interpretation does not hold for the pesticides that contribute to this impact, which include Methyl Bromide. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524312 (2021). Water withdrawal impact intensity differences are attributed to allocation methodology changes for the irrigation, mining, and industrial USGS water use categories. Contact. The Sector Crosswalk can be used to identify a NAICS code associated with a USEEIO code, and tools like the Census NAICS code search75 can be used to identify NAICS codes associated with the purchase. PDF Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories This is a necessary first order approximation since we found no publicly available data to confirm this for the disaggregated waste sectors. 25 is substituted for L and yd Eq. Census of agriculture 2017. L, the Leontief inverse, or the total requirements matrix, is obtained from A, using Eq. Point source releases to air reflect facility reported releases in these datasets and include both criteria and toxic air pollutants. Equation24 is given below for the commodity form of the model. Emissions of pesticides from agricultural activities are excluded from this dataset as they are captured in the pesticides table. The industries in the E columns match the industries in x. Ingwersen, W., Li, M. & Young, B. To calculate emissions, estimate the lifetime electricity consumption (in kWh) for all products sold in the reporting year. The relative contribution, rc of a commodity, c, to an impact intensity coefficient from N for a given indicator, n, can be calculated using Eq. CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita). Toxics Release Inventory 2017. http://www2.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-data-and-tools (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). Monthly Energy Review - 2018. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2020). It was developed by harmonizing and detailing supply-use tables for a large number of countries, estimating emissions and resource extractions by industry. We define consumption as final use within the US of all goods and services that are both produced and sold within the US or imported. 4, 5. led on the disaggregation methodology and associated software development in useeior, and wrote the associated section in the manuscript. Using BLS QCEW for the employment model allows for a consistent data source for all employment data used throughout model construction. FEDEFL Inventory Methods v1.0.0. In flowsa, source classification codes are used to allocation emissions to one or more NAICS through activity-to-sector mapping files. USEEIO v2.0, The US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output - Nature EPA researchers worked with partners at US Department of Defenses (DOD) environmental research programs (the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program) to use USEEIO as the basis for re-creating an input-output model tailored to the specific needs of the DOD, such as life-cycle analysis formilitary equipment. These tables are typically released 5 or more years after the Census is performed. Two matrices are provided that enable price adjustments in the model coefficient matrices (B, D, M, or N). A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Emission factors may be quantified in a handful of ways. Mercury emissions to air drive the increase seen in Cement (9% contribution to HTOX), that arenot due to change in emissions, but rather toxicity characterization that was not present in v1.2. is a commodity x year price type adjustment matrix prepared using Eq. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1522414 (2021). The v2 industry output and commodity output totals for each commodity and industry in the model were both found to be within 1% of the original totals. The Use table columns represent the inputs that the IO industries need to produce their output. 32 are the same as the Value Added row values in the model N matrix. In the case of the new waste commodity and industry totals, they summed to within 1% of the Waste and Remediation commodity and industry totals in the 2012 BEA Detail Make and Use tables. How are emission factors developed? Recycl. Li, M. & Ingwersen, W. Life-cycle impact coefficients (N matrix) of USEEIOv1.2 and v2.0.1-411. The first ranking uses Hr calculated where y is the US production vector, yp (see Eq. Ingwersen, W., Li, M., Young, B., Vendries, J. The attribution methodology for the remaining water categories follows Rehkamp et al.s sector attribution approach46. 18. The modeling steps were written in Python and consolidated into a software package called flowsa. Although QCEW employment data is one of the main sources in the creation of the National Employment Matrix, the National Employment Matrix also incorporates data from the Occupational Employment Statistics program (OES), the Current Employment Statistics program (CES), and the Current Population Survey (CPS)60. Chemical releases to air are sourced from 2017 reported emissions data from the National Emissions Inventory (NEI)28 and Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)29. The report states that a critical contribution is the development of a waste input-output model designed to capture the material inputs (production sectors like mining, energy, materials, parts and products) and outputs (waste and material separation and reprocessing, of products, services and wastes). Ranking sectors based a composite score of selected total impacts associated with total US demand is used as a means of prioritization in the SMM Prioritization Tools. This ensures that, for example, pesticide releases to air are not duplicated in both the Criteria and Hazardous air pollutant satellite table and the pesticide satellite table. The 2012 BEA Detail Make and Use Tables Before Redefinitions in Producers Price are used as the underlying IO tables. Alameda Countys Supply Chain Sustainability Report, developed using the USEEIO, provides a guide for how government purchasing can be a catalyst for matching sustainability with advancing the health and wellbeing of its citizens. The composite score for the rankings are calculated as a sum of fractions of sector impact relative to total impact across all sectors by each selected indicator, and then this fraction for a sector was summed across all indicators. Waste management and remediation services fell out of the top 20 due to the disaggregation of the waste sectors in v2.0. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. developed the methodology and software programming in flowsa for the air, water and soil releases, integrated environmental data and indicators in useeior, and wrote the associated sections of the manuscript. This general decrease in v2.0 factors reflects the steady national decrease in SO2 emissions from 2011 to 201769. An official website of the United States government. For the disaggregation procedure, we assume that each disaggregated industry only produces its own disaggregated commodity; in other words, there is no off-diagonal production of waste management services in the intersection. Chemical releases reported by facilities in these datasets include toxic releases, metal compounds, nutrients, and organic pollutants. The reader should refer to Table3 for the source of the impact method characterization factors used to construct the N and D matrices. for industry i is prepared using Eq. The report notes: This deeper analysis uses details contained within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys United States Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model to highlight specific activities that occur within the supply chain of the goods and services procured by the County that drive the bulk of the impacts and to identify those impacts that are generated locally (e.g., particulate matter emissions from local vendor fleet operations). Also, change in inventories, y, is positive for commodities produced but not sold, and negative for commodities consumed from a previous years production. For waste management disaggregation, a subset of the RCRAInfo database that contains waste flows from shipping facilities to receiving/storage facilities (arranged by NAICS sector codes) was used. Econ. Red text indicates an update from the 2018 version of this document. EF Hub. 18, but use the N matrix in place of M, as shown in Eq. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370115 (2021). 23. Wolsky, A. M. Disaggregating Input-Output Models. These values are included the WasteDisaggaregation_Use sheet in the primary data record in the Use table intersection rows. These datasets are more current than the IO data, and more closely represent current environmental performance. Comparing rankings may also be used as another form of model validation that incorporates the demand vectors and the indicators as well as the model result matrices. 157, 104795, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104795 (2020). The accuracy of the impact proportion depending on the validity of the assumption that domestic impact intensities are equivalent to foreign impact intensities, which is not likely valid in all cases. Purchaser price reflects the producers price plus sale and transportation margins11. In v1, the Scrap commodity was removed from the model following a methodology presented by BEA for deriving a total requirements matrix11. Social cost of household emissions: cross-country comparison - Springer U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524319 (2021). 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